Saya lagi baca buku Scientific Writing and Communication: Paper, Proposal and presentations karya Angelika Hofmann penerbit Oxford press. Buku ini ngasih banyak tips untuk para peneliti tentang bagaimana menulis dan komunikasi scientifik yang efektif. Buknya dibagi 6 bagian, yaitu:
- Scientific writing basic: style and composition
- Planning and Laying the foundation
- Manuscripts: research papers and Review Articles
- Grant Proposals
- Posters and presetnations
- Job Applications
Berikut ini beberapa catatan saya dari buku ini:
Scientific Writing Basics:
Aturan umum:
- Write with the reader in mind
- Use Precise words
- Use simple words
- Omit unnecessary words and phrases
- Avoid too many abbreviations
- Use correct nomenclature and terminology
- Establish importance
- Place old, familiar and short information at the beginning of a sentence in the topic position
- Place new, complex, or long information at the end of a sentence in the stress position
- Get to the subject of the main sentence quickly, and make it short and specific. If possible, use central caracters and topics as subject
- Avoid Interruptions between subject and verb and between verb and object
- Use the first person
- Use the active voice
- Use the past tense for observations and specific conclusions
- Use present tense for general rules and established knowledge
- Write short sentences. Aim for one main idea in a sentence
- Use active verbs
- Avoid noun clusters
- Use clear pronouns
- Use correct parallel form
- Avoid faulty comparisons
- Avoid errors in spelling, punctutation and grammar
- Organize your paragraphs
- Use a topic sentence to provide an overview of the paragraph
- Use consistent order
- Use consistent point of view
- Make your sentences cohesive
- Use key terms to create continuity. Repeat them exactly and early, and link them
- Use transitions to indicate logical relationships between sentences
- Make your writing concise
Aturan khusus pada situasi tertentu:
- Understand the scientific method
- Strive to communicate your finding recently
- be ethical
- Understand how reader go about reading
- Distinguish between science writing and scientific writing
- Distinguish between expository and technical writing
- Practice writing
- Watch out for misused word
- Avoid sexism
- The location of words within a sentence is important for its interpretation
- Arrange ideas in a list to read from shorter to longer
- Use correct prepositions
- Use correct articles
- Use correct plural and singular verb forms
- Use correct form irregular verbs
- Do not omit endings of verbs
- Follow a verb with the correct gerund or infinitive form
- Distinguish between adjective and adverb
- Ensure that every sentence has a subject
- Arrange the details in the remaining sentences
- Establish importance
- Omit “overview” words, phrases and sentences
- Avoid writing in the negative
- Omit excessive detail
- Do not overuse intensifiers or hedges
Planning and laying the foundation
Tips untuk prewriting and drafting:
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Search journal for the best match of topic, audience and journal
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Instruction to Authors: obtain and follow
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Decide Authorship befora starting to write
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Follow IMRAD format
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Start by writing less
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worry about basic rules, principles and guidelines in the revisions
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collect, organize and study your references
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pay attention to order and organization
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organize your data and ideas before writing
Untuk mengatasi Writers block
- Know that you are not alone
- Organize your material
- Use a cheap, ugly notebook
- Make your own rules
- Use provided sample sentences as a starting points
- Learn to imitate
- Write as if you are explaining your work to a friend
- Write one paragraph at atime
- Set yourself some deadlines
- Involve coauthors
- Percolate
Outside help
- Hire a scientific editor
- Collect sample phrases for references
- Consult books on scientific/technical writing
References and Plagiarism
- References the ideas and findings of others
- Differentiate between primary, secondary and tertiary sources
- Select the most relevant references
- Verify your references against the original document
- Manage your references well
- Follow the journal citation style for details in the reference citation
- Cite references in the correct form and order
- Remain objective and neutral when citing the work of the others
- Know where to place references in a sentence
Plagiarism
- Ensure that you are not plagiarizing
- Know how to paraphrase
- Keep track of ideas and references
- Know where to place references in a scientific paper
- Follow the journal reference list style
- Know how to cite and list references from the internet
Acknowledgments
- List all the people whose help was important but not enough to warrant authorship
- Disclose any possible conflict of interest
Gambar dan tabel
- Decide whether to present data in a table, a figure, or in the text
- Use the fewest figures and tables needed to tell a story
- Design figures and tables to have strong visual impact
- Figures and tables should be able to stand on their own
- Prepare figures and tables with the reader in mind-place information where the reader expects to find it
Gambar
- Use figures to show trends and relationships and to emphasize data
- Prepare professional figures
- Do not mislead readers
- Use line graphs for dynamic comparisons
- Use Scatter plots to find a correlation for a collection of data
- Use bar graphs when findings can be subdivided and compared
- Use pie charts to compare parts of a whole
- Use box plants to display differences between data sets, especially in descriptive statistics
- Place the independent variables in the x-axis and the dependent variables at the y-axis
- Make each figures easy to read
- Differentiate points, lines and curves well
- Label axes and scales well
- Use a logarithmic scaled graph when your data covers a large range over many powers of 10
Tabel
- Prepare tables rather than graphs when it is important to give precise numbers
- Keep the structure of your table as simple as possible
- Place familiar context on the left and new, important information on the right
- Design table titles to identify the specific topic
- Label dependent variables in column headings and independent variables in row headings
- Avoid overly large tables
Formula
- Treat Equations and formulas as part of the text
- Present algorithms in the text as a flow chart or as a list of instructions
Analisa statistik
- Gunakan analisa statistik untuk menentukan tren data dan kemungkinan kemunculan
- Pahami istilah umum statistik dan perhitungannya
- Pahama kurva distribusi umum
- Pelajari bagaimana melakukan analisa statistik
- Rencanakan pengujian dan putuskan populasi yang akan dipelajari
- Kumpulkan data
- Tentukan distribusi yang sesuai
- Analisa data seperti rata-rata, standar deviasi dan signifikansi data dari sebuah distribusi
- Tarik kesimpulan untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian
- Pahami tentang null hypotesis dan signifkansi statistik
- Pelajari bagian analisa statistik mana yang akan digunakan
- Pelajari pengetahuan dasar yang diperlukan
- Pelajari bagaimana untuk melaporkan data statistik
- Pelajari bagaimana untuk melaporan signifikan statistik
- Pelajari bagaimana untuk menampilkan nilai statistik secara grafis
Manuskrip: paper penelitian dan artikel review
Introduction
- Buat pembaca tertarik dan jelaskan konteks pembahasan
- Ikuti struktur Funel:
- Untuk paper investigative:
- Background
- Unknown/Problem
- Question/Purpose of study
- Pendekatan pengujian
- Results dan kesimpulan (opsional)
- Signifikansi
- Untuk paper deskriptive:
- Background
- Discovery statement
- Experimental approach-if appropriate
- Description
- Implication
- Untuk paper investigative:
- Keep introduction short
- Provide pertinent background information, but do not review the literature
- State the problem or unknown
- State the central point (question/purpose) precisely
- State the experimental approach briefly
- For descriptive papers include…..
- Distinguish between past and present tense
- Use strong verbs and short sentences
- Ensure good cohesion and coherence
- Signal all the elements of the introduction
- Do not omit any element
Materials and method
- Provide enough details and references to enable a trained scientist to evaluate or repeat your work
- Include material and methods, but no result
- Provide literature references where needed
- Include sufficient technical details to let others repeat your work
- Use Parentheses for technical specifications
- Indicate any statistical analysis performed
- Place full descriptions of procedures or other lengthy details in an appendix
- arrange experimental details as protocols grouped in order or by subsections
- Signal and link the different topics
- Explain the purpose for any procedure whose function is not clear
- In the materials and methods section, passive voice is often preferred
- do not switch from one point of view to another for no apparent reason
- Distinguish between past and present tense
- Choose your words carefully
- Follow guidelines on ethical conduct
- Indicate ethical conduct for human experimentation
- indicate guidelines followed for care and use of laboratory
Results
- Report your main findings as well as other important findings
- include control results
- point the reader to the data shown in figures and tables
- Interpret your results for the reader
- Place statistical information with data. Do not use it instead of results
- Place results that answer the question of the paper at the beginnig of the results section
- Organize the results section chronologically or from most to least important
- Emphasize your results. Subordinate secondary information
- Organize your results into different segments. In each segment, state:
- purpose or background of experiment
- experimental approach
- results
- interpretation of results (optional for descriptive papers)
- Describe what you discovered in the results section of descriptive papers
- pay attention to word choice
- use past tense for your results but present tense for descriptive papers
- use signals to hoghlight diverse elements of the results
- do not omit any key elements of the results
- omit peripheral information and irrelevant general statements
- avoid experimental details
- avoid general conclusions, speculations, or comparisons with other studies
Masih banyak lagi nanti insyaallah saya lanjutkan
Judul | Scientific Writing and Communication: Papers, Proposals, and Presentations |
Pengarang | Angelika H. Hofmann |
Penerbit | Oxford University Press, 2019 |